Resources and Development
| Chapter - 1 | Geography | Class 10 |
- Priyanka Chandratre
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ЁЯСЙ Resource :
- Anything available to man can be used to fulfill man's needs.
- Resources are a function of human activities.
-Human beings are essential components of resources.
- Examples : water, soil, animals, plants etc.
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ЁЯСЙ Classification of Resources :
I ) On the basis of origin :
a) Biotic Resources :
- Resources acquired from nature having life are called biotic resources.
- Examples : Human's, plants and animals.
b) Abiotic Resources :
- Substance made of non-living things are called abiotic resources.
- Examples : stones, mountains
II ) On the basis of exhaustibility :
a) Renewable Resources :
- Resources can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes are called renewable resources.
- Examples : water and air
b ) Non-renewable Resources :
- Resources cannot be recycled, get exhausted after their use are called non-renewable resources.
- Examples : coal and fossil fuels
III ) On the basis of ownership :
a) Individual Resources :
- Resources which has ownership under private hands are called individual resources.
- Examples : plots and houses under private hands.
b) Community Resources :
- There are resources which are accessible to all the members of community are called community resources.
- Example : Village commons-grazing ground, burial grounds, village ponds etc
c) National Resources :
- All natural and human resources owned by nation are called national resources.
- Example : All the minerals, water resources, forest, wildlife land within the political boundaries.
d) International Resources :
- No man's land and free zone in the world that belong to all nations are called international resources.
- Example : The oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong open to ocean.
IV ) On the basis of status of development :
a) Potential Resources :
- Resources which are found in a region or exist in nature but have not been utilized are called potential resources.
- Example :
1) Uranium in Ladakh known deposits that are not currently utilized fully due to lack of technology.
2) Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for the development of wild and solar energy.
b) Developed Resources :
- Resources which utilized at present, their development depends upon quality, quantity, technology and cultural status of a region are called developed resources.
- Example : Resources which are using coal mines, natural gas.
c) Stock :
- Resources which are present in environment but not accessible because of lack of technology are called stock.
- Example : Specific complex or deeply buried mineral deposits that cannot be extracted with existing technology, such as deep-sea mineral reserves .
d) Reserves :
- Resources can be used with the help of present technology but their use has not been started are called reserves.
- Example : River water can be used for generating hydroelectricity but presently, it is being utilized only to a limited extent. Thus, the water in the dams, forest is a reserves which can be used in the future.
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ЁЯСЙ Development of Resources :
- Resources are vital for human survival as well as for maintaining the quality of life. It was believed that resources are free gift of nature.
- As a result, human beings used them indiscriminately and this has led to the many major problems.
ЁЯСЙ Problems arising due to over-exploitation of Resources :
- Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals.
- Accumulation of resources in few hands, which in turn, divided the society into two segments i.e haves and have nots or rich or poor.
- It has led to global ecological crises or imbalance.
For example - a) Global warming
b) Ozone layer depletion
c) Environmental pollution
ЁЯСЙ Resource Planning :
- Resource planning is needed to use resources properly, avoid wastage, and ensure they are available for future generations.
Main Reasons :
1) Unequal distribution of resources :
- Some regions have more resources, while others have low.
- Example : The state of Rajasthan is very well endowed with solar and wind energy but lack of water resources.
- Planning helps in balanced development.
2) Limited availability :
- Many resources are exhaustible like coal and petroleum, these resources take millions of years to form, so once they are used excessively, they cannot be quickly replaced.
3) Prevent overuse :
- Without planning, resources may be used carelessly, leading to depletion.
4) Environmental protection :
- Unplanned use causes pollution and land degradation.
- Planning helps protect nature.
5) Sustainable development :
- Resource planning supports sustainable development, ensuring future generations can also use resources.
6) Economic development :
- Proper use of resources helps in the growth of industries and the economy.
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ЁЯСЙ Process of Resource Planning :
The process of resource planning is a systematic way to use resources wisely so they last long and benefit.
It usually involves three main steps :
1) Identification and Inventory of Resources :
- Find out what resources are available in a country or region.
- Collect data about their type, quantity and location.
- Example : Minerals, water, forest, soil
2) Evolving a planning structure :
- Create a proper plan with suitable technology, skills and institutions.
- Decide how to use resources efficiently and sustainably
- Involve government policies, experts and local people.
3) Matching resource development with overall development plans :
- Ensure resource use is aligned with national development goals.
- Balance economic growth with environment protection.
- Avoid overuse or wastage of resources.
ЁЯСЙ Land Resource :
- Land is a natural resource.
- It supports natural vegetation, wild life, human life, economic activities, transport and communication systems.
- Land is an asset of a finite magnitude, therefore, it is necessary to use the available land for various purposes with careful planning.
-It covers only 29% of Earth's surface.
- About 90% human beings inhabit only 5% of world's land.
ЁЯСЙ Land Utilization :
Land use pattern depends upon : quantity of land available, needs of population and technological level of the society.
Land resources are used for the following purposes :
1) Forests
2) Land not available for cultivation
3) Other cultivated land
4) Fallow land
5) Net sown area
ЁЯСЙ Land Degradation :
- Land degradation is the deterioration of land quality due to natural and human activities.
- It reduces the land's ability to support life, especially agriculture and vegetation.
- It involves soil erosion, desertification ( fertile land turns into desert-like conditions ), salinization ( increase in salt content in soil ) , water-logging and loss of vegetation cover.
Causes of land degradation :
I) Natural causes :
- Floods wash away soil.
- Drought dries land and reduces fertility.
- Landslides destroy land structure.
- Climate change affects rainfall patterns.
II) Human causes :
1) Deforestation - Trees blind soil, cutting them leads to erosion.
2) Overgrazing - Animals remove grass, exposing soil.
3) Mining activities - Leaves land unusable and polluted.
4) Over-irrigation - Causes waterlogging and salinity.
5) Industrial waste - Chemicals pollute soil.
6) Urbanization - Construction reduces fertile land.
Land degradation in India :
- Around 30% land in India is degraded.
- Major causes are overgrazing, deforestation and mining.
- Affected regions :
1) Rajasthan - desertification
2) Gujrat & Maharashtra -salinity & erosion
3) Jharkhand & Chhattisgarh - mining damage
Measures to control land degradation :
1) Afforestation - planting trees to restore land fertility.
2) Controlling grazing - limit number of animals per area.
3) Soil conservation techniques - using techniques like contour ploughing, terrace farming and strip cropping can reduce degradation.
4) Proper irrigation - drip irrigation to prevent waterlogging.
5) Use of organic manure - improves soil health.
6) Control industrial waste - treat waste before disposal.
7) Regulated mining - Reclaim land after mining.
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